TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Chapter 566. Movement Disorders, Tics, and Tourette Syndrome
A1  - Apetauerova, Diana
A2  - Rudolph, Colin D.
A2  - Rudolph, Abraham M.
A2  - Lister, George E.
A2  - First, Lewis R.
A2  - Gershon, Anne A.
Y1  - 2011
N1  - 
T2  - Rudolph's Pediatrics, 22e
AB  - Movement  disorders  are  defined  as  either  a  loss  or  poverty  (akinesia)  or  slowness  (bradykinesia)  of  movement  that  is  not  associated  with  weakness  or  an  excess  of  abnormal  involuntary  movements.  Based  on  this,  movement  disorders  are  classified  as  either  hypokinetic  (Parkinsonism)  or  hyperkinetic  (tremor,  dystonia,  chorea,  tics,  myoclonus).  Movement  disorders  are  generally  caused  by  abnormalities  in  basal  ganglia  and  their  connections.  The  basal  ganglia  are  that  group  of  gray  matter  nuclei  lying  deep  within  the  cerebral  hemispheres  (caudate,  putamen,  and  pallidum),  the  diencephalon  (subthalamic  nucleus),  and  the  mesencephalon  (substantia  nigra).  The  causes  of  many  movement  disorders  remain  unknown,  in  others  various  causes  have  been  identified  ranging  from  environmental  toxins,  genetic  causes,  medications,  metabolic  disorders,  structural  lesions,  neurodegenerative  causes,  infectious,  postinfectious  causes,  and  autoimmune  and  psychogenic  causes.  More  recent  genetic,  biochemical,  and  functional  imagine  advances  have  provided  additional  information  about  the  pathophysiology  and  etiology  of  some  movement  disorders.  Many  diseases  have  now  been  localized  to  a  specific  gene  (PD,  dystonia,  ataxia,  paroxysmal  dyskinesia,  etc);  several  inherited  movement  disorders  are  due  to  expanded  repeats  of  the  trinucleotide  cytosine-adenosine-quanosine  (CAG)  such  as  Huntington  disease,  some  spinocerebellar  ataxias  (SCAs),  and  Dentatorubral  and  Pallidoluysian  Atrophy  (DRPLA).  
SN  - 
PB  - The McGraw-Hill Companies
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/20
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=7058256
ER  -