Cardiac | Coarctation of the aorta (thoracic), aortic arch interruption, hypoplastic aorta |
Drugs: infant | Glucocorticoids (dexamethasone), theophylline, caffeine, vitamin D intoxication, indomethacin, pancuronium (prolonged use), high dose of adrenergic agents, phenylephrine eye drops, doxapram, opiate withdrawal |
Drugs: maternal | Cocaine (may harm neonatal kidney and cause withdrawal) and heroin (causes withdrawal), antenatal steroid administration (controversial) |
Endocrine | Adrenal hemorrhage/hematoma, adrenogenital syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, Cushing syndrome, primary hyperaldosteronism, hyperthyroidism/Graves disease, pseudohyperaldosteronism type II, familial hyperaldosteronism type II, Gordon syndrome |
Metabolic | Hypercalcemia |
Neurologic | Elevated intracranial pressure secondary to intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, meningitis or subdural hemorrhage/hematoma, seizures, subdural hematoma, familial dysautonomia, drug withdrawal (opiate), neural crest tumor, cerebral angioma |
Pain/agitation | Usually causes episodic hypertension |
Pulmonary | BPD/CLD, pneumothorax (rare) |
Renal parenchymal diseases (acquired) | Acute tubular necrosis, cortical and medullary necrosis, interstitial nephritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, nephrolithiasis/nephrocalcinosis, obstructive uropathy (eg, tumor or stones), pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, perirenal hematoma or urinoma, renal failure/renal insufficiency, renal infection |
Renal parenchymal diseases (congenital) | Polycystic kidney disease (autosomal recessive or dominant), multicystic-dysplastic kidney disease, hypoplastic/dysplastic kidney, congenital nephrotic syndrome, unilateral renal hypoplasia, tuberous sclerosis, renal tubular dysgenesis, obstructive uropathy (posterior urethral valves, ureteropelvic junction obstruction), congenital mesoblastic nephroma |
Renovascular/vascular | Renal artery thrombosis (UAC related), renal artery stenosis, renal vein thrombosis, mid aortic syndrome (abdominal coarctation), congenital rubella syndrome (causes arterial calcification), idiopathic arterial calcification, renal artery compression, hypoplastic aorta, abdominal aorta aneurysm, aortic thrombosis, thrombosis of the ductus arteriosus, intimal hyperplasia, mechanical compression of one or both arteries (abdominal mass or tumor) |
Syndromes/malformation syndromes | Noonan, Williams, Turner, Liddle (glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism), and Cockayne syndromes; neurofibromatosis; tuberous sclerosis complex |
Tumors (compression of renal vessels or produce vasoactive substances) | Wilms tumor, mesoblastic nephroma, neuroblastoma, nephroblastoma, pheochromocytoma |
Miscellaneous | Birth asphyxia, closure of abdominal wall defects (eg, omphalocele or gastroschisis), abdominal surgery, ECMO/ECLS, essential hypertension, iatrogenic (volume overload secondary to excess administration of sodium or IV fluids), idiopathic, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) related, infantile polyarteritis nodosa, maternal hypertension, environmental cold or noise stress |