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Respiratory failure is commonly classified as one or both of the following:
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- Hypoxic (type 1): Characterized by failure of gas exchange resulting in PaO2 <50 mm Hg breathing a gas mixture of at least 50% oxygen (Figure 9-1)
- Hypercapneic (type II): Characterized as failure of ventilatory pump or chronic structural changes (BPD, cystic fibrosis) (Figure 9-2)
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Clinical Predictors of Impending Respiratory Failure
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- Early: Use of accessory muscles of respiration, markedly diminished or absent breath sounds, diaphoresis, inability to speak, AMS, irritability, cyanosis, hypercapnia
- Late: Lethargy, apnea, gasping or agonal respiration, bradycardia, hypotension
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Management of Respiratory Failure
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