Disorders that affect appetite, food-seeking behavior, and ingestion |
Depression |
Deprivation |
Central nervous system disease (diencephalic syndrome) |
Metabolic diseases |
Hereditary fructose intolerance |
Urea cycle disorders |
Organic academia |
Sensory defects |
Anosmia |
Blindness |
Neuromuscular disease |
Oral hypersensitivity or aversion resulting from lack of feeding experience during critical sensitive periods (long-term parenteral nutrition or enteral feeding) |
Conditioned dysphagia |
Aspiration |
Oral inflammation |
Gastroesophageal reflux |
Eosinophilic esophagitis |
Dumping syndrome or gastric bloating after gastric surgery |
Fatigue (cardiac or pulmonary disease) |
Poverty |
Anorexia nervosa |
Anatomic abnormalities of the oropharynx |
Cleft lip and/or palate |
Macroglossia |
Ankyloglossia |
Pierre Robin sequence/Stickler syndrome |
Retropharyngeal mass or abscess |
Velopharyngeal insufficiency |
Tonsillar hypertrophy |
Dental caries |
Anatomic and congenital abnormalities of the larynx and trachea |
Laryngeal cleft |
Laryngomalacia |
Laryngeal cyst |
Subglottic stenosis |
Tracheomalacia |
Tracheoesophageal cleft |
Tracheoesophageal compression from vascular ring or sling |
Mucosal infections and inflammatory disorders causing dysphagia |
Adenotonsillitis |
Deep neck space infections |
Epiglottitis |
Laryngopharyngeal reflux from gastroesophageal reflux |
Gastroesophageal reflux |
Eosinophilic esophagitis |
Caustic ingestion |
Candida pharyngitis or esophagitis |
Herpes simplex esophagitis |
Human immunodeficiency virus |
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis |
Crohn disease |
Behçet disease |
Chronic graft-versus-host disease |
Anatomic abnormalities of the esophagus |
Tracheoesophageal fistula |
Congenital esophageal atresia |
Congenital esophageal stenosis because of tracheobronchial remnants |
Esophageal stricture, web, or ring |
Esophageal mass or tumor |
Foreign body |
Vascular rings and dysphagia lusoria |
Disorders affecting suck-swallow coordination with breathing |
Choanal atresia |
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic lung disease |
Cardiac disease |
Tachypnea |
Disorders affecting neuromuscular coordination of swallowing |
Cerebral palsy |
Bulbar glioma |
Brainstem glioma |
Arnold-Chiari malformation |
Myelomeningocele |
Familial dysautonomia (Riley-Day syndrome) |
Tardive dyskinesia |
Nitrazepam-induced dysphagia |
Postinfectious paralysis (diphtheria, polio, etc) |
Mobius syndrome (central nerve abnormalities) |
Myasthenia gravis |
Infant botulism |
Congenital myotonic dystrophy |
Oculopharyngeal dystrophy |
Muscular dystrophies and myopathies |
Polymyositis, dermatomyositis |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Disorders affecting esophageal peristalsis |
Achalasia |
Chagas disease |
Diffuse esophageal spasm |
Pseudoobstruction |
Scleroderma |
Mixed connective tissue disease |
Systemic lupus erythematosus |
Polymyositis, dermatomyositis |
Rheumatoid arthritis |
Miscellaneous disorders associated with feeding and swallowing difficulties |
Xerostomia |
Hypothyroidism |
Neonatal hyperparathyroidism |
Syndromic chromosomal abnormalities (trisomies, partial duplications or deletions) |
Prader-Willi syndrome |
Allergies, atopic disease |
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism disorders |
Neurofibromatosis |
Williams syndrome |
Coffin-Siris syndrome |
Opitz-G syndrome |
Cornelia de Lange syndrome |
Globus pharyngeus |
Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica |
Velocardiofacial syndrome (chromosome 22q11 deletion) |
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome) |