1. Northway WH, Jr., Rosan RC, Porter DY. Pulmonary
disease following respirator therapy of hyaline-membrane disease.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. N Engl J Med. 1967;276(7):357-368.
2. O’Brodovich HM, Mellins RB. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Unresolved neonatal acute lung injury.
Am Rev Respir Dis. 1985;132:694-709.
[PubMed: 3898946]
3. Fanaroff AA, Stoll BJ, Wright LL, et al. Trends in neonatal
morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants. Am
J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):e141-e148.
4. Bancalari E. Changes in the pathogenesis and prevention of
chronic lung disease of prematurity. Am J Perinatol. 2001;18(1):1-9.
5. Charafeddine L, D’Angio CT, Phelps DL. Atypical
chronic lung disease patterns in neonates. Pediatrics. 1999;103(4
Pt 1):759-765.
6. Jobe A, Bancalari E. National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; Office
of Rare Diseases. Workshop summary: bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Am
J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723-1729.
[PubMed: 11401896]
7. Walsh MC, Yao Q, Gettner P, et al. Impact of a physiologic
definition on bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates. Pediatrics. 2004;114(5):1305-1311.
8. Burri PW. Development and growth of the human lung. In: Fishman
AP, Fisher AB, eds. Handbook of Physiology: The Respiratory
System. Bethesda, MD: American Physiologic Society; 1985:1-46.
9. Burri PH. Structural aspects of prenatal and postnatal development
and growth of the lung. In: McDonald JA, ed. Lung Growth
and Development. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1997:1-35.
10. Coalson JJ. Pathology of new bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Semin
Neonatol. 2003;8(1):73-81.
11. Thibeault DW, Mabry SM, Ekekezie, II, Zhang X, Truog WE.
Collagen scaffolding during development and its deformation with
chronic lung disease. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt
1):766-776.
12. Bhatt AJ, Pryhuber GS, Huyck H, Watkins RH, Metlay LA, Maniscalco
WM. Disrupted pulmonary vasculature and decreased vascular endothelial
growth factor, Flt-1 and Tie-2 in human infants dying with bronchopulmonary
dysplasia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1971-1980.
[PubMed: 11734454]
13. Bry K, Whitsett JA, Lappalainen U. IL-1beta disrupts postnatal
lung morphogenesis in the mouse. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007;36(1):32-42.
14. Schelonka RL, Katz B, Waites KB, Benjamin DK Jr. Critical
appraisal of the role of Ureaplasma in the development of bronchopulmonary
dysplasia with meta-analytic techniques. Pediatr Infect
Dis J. 2005;24(12):1033-1039.
15. Willet K, Jobe A, Ikegami M, Brennan S, Newnham J, Sly P.
Antenatal endotoxin and glucocorticoid effects on lung morphometry
in preterm lambs.
Pediatr Res. 2000;48:782-788.
[PubMed: 11102547]
16. Coalson J, Seidner S, Delemos R. Animal models of chronic
lung injury. In: Bland RD, Coalson J, eds. Chronic Lung
Disease in Early Infancy. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 1999:911-926.
17. Bland RD, Mokres LM, Ertsey R, et al. Mechanical ventilation
with 40% oxygen reduces pulmonary expression of genes that regulate
lung development and impairs alveolar septation in newborn mice. Am
J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;293(5):L1099-L1110.
18. Hillman NH, Moss TJ, Kallapur SG, et al. Brief, large tidal
volume ventilation initiates lung injury and a systemic response
in fetal sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(6):575-581.
19. Bancalari E, Claure N, Sosenko IR. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia:
changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition. Semin
Neonatol. 2003;8(1):63-71.
20. Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating
fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev. 2006;(3):CD004454.
21. Bland RD, Coalson JJ, eds. Chronic Lung Disease
in Early Infancy. Vol 137. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker;
2000:479-492.
22. Smith VC, Zupancic JA, McCormick MC, et al. Trends in severe
bronchopulmonary dysplasia rates between 1994 and 2002. J
Pediatr. 2005;146(4):469-473.
23. Behrman RE, Butler AS. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences
and Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press;
2007.
24. Stenson BJ, Boyle DW, Szyld EG. Initial ventilation strategies
during newborn resuscitation.
Clin Perinatol. 2006;33(1):65-82,
vi-vii.
25. Bollen CW, Uiterwaal CS, van Vught AJ. Cumulative metaanalysis
of high-frequency versus conventional ventilation in premature neonates. Am
J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(10):1150-1155.
26. Gregory GA, Kitterman JA, Phibbs RH, Tooley WA, Hamilton
WK. Treatment of the idiopathic respiratory distress system with
continuous positive airway pressure. N Engl J Med. 1971;284(24):1
333-1340.
27. Ammari A, Suri MS, Milisavljevic V, et al. Variables associated
with the early failure of nasal CPAP in very low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 2005;147(3):341-347.
28. Morley CJ, Davis PG, Doyle LW, Brion LP, Hascoet JM, Carlin
JB. Nasal CPAP or intubation at birth for very preterm infants. N
Engl J Med. 2008;358(7):700-708.
29. Thomson MA, Yoder BA, Winter VT, et al. Treatment of immature
baboons for 28 days with early nasal continuous positive airway pressure.
Am
J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:1054-1062.
[PubMed: 14962819]
30. Warner BB, Stuart LA, Papes RA, Wispe JR. Functional and
pathological effects of prolonged hyperoxia in neonatal mice. Am
J Physiol. 1998;275(1 Pt 1):L110-L117.
31. Askie LM, Henderson-Smart DJ, Irwig L, Simpson JM. Oxygen-saturation
targets and outcomes in extremely preterm infants. N Engl
J Med. 2003;349(10):959-967.
32. Chow LC, Wright KW, Sola A. Can changes in clinical practice
decrease the incidence of severe retinopathy of prematurity in very
low birth weight infants? Pediatrics. 2003;111(2):339-345.
33. Van Marter LJ, Dammann O, Allred EN, et al. Chorioamnionitis,
mechanical ventilation, and postnatal sepsis as modulators of chronic
lung disease in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2002;140(2):171-176.
34. Massaro D, Massaro GD, Baras A, Hoffman EP, Clerch LB. Calorie-related
rapid onset of alveolar loss, regeneration, and changes in mouse
lung gene expression. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286(5):L896-L906.
35. Tyson JE, Wright LL, Oh W, et al. Vitamin A supplementation
for extremely-low-birth-weight infants. National Institute of Child Health
and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. N Engl
J Med. 1999;340(25):1962-1968.
36. Ehrenkranz RA, Walsh MC, Vohr BR, et al. Validation of the
National Institutes of Health consensus definition of bronchopulmonary
dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1353-1360.
37. Merrill JD, Ballard RA, Cnaan A, et al. Dysfunction of pulmonary
surfactant in chronically ventilated premature infants. Pediatr
Res. 2004;56(6):918-926.
38. Ballard RA, Truog WE, Cnaan A, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide
in preterm infants undergoing mechanical ventilation. N
Engl J Med. 2006;355 (4):343-353.
39. Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, et al. Caffeine therapy
for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(20):2112-2121.
40. Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Doyle LW. Moderately early (7-14
days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease
in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD001144.
41. Doyle LW, Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Davis PG, Sinclair
JC. Impact of postnatal systemic corticosteroids on mortality and
cerebral palsy in preterm infants: effect modification by risk for chronic
lung disease. Pediatrics. 2005;115(3):655-661.
42. Walsh M, Laptook A, Kazzi SN, et al. A cluster-randomized
trial of benchmarking and multimodal quality improvement to improve
rates of survival free of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for infants
with birth weights of less than 1250 grams. Pediatrics. 2007;119(5):876-890.
43. Thebaud B, Abman SH. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: Where have
all the vessels gone? Roles of angiogenic growth factors in chronic lung
disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(10):978-985.