1. Sacks O. An Anthropologist on Mars.
New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf; 1995:77-107.
2. Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, et al. Tourette syndrome
and tic disorders: a decade of progress. J Amer Acad Child
Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(8):947-968.
3. Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity
in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102(1):14-19.
4. Mikhail AG, Kent JM, Pine DS. Childhood obsessive-compulsive
disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Pract. 2000;6(4):177-189.
5. Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Dombrowski P, et al. Systematic
review: pharmacological and behavioral treatment for trichotillomania. Biol
Psychiatry. 2007;62(8):839-846.
6. Jones E, Allen D, Moore K, et al. Restraint and self-injury
in people with intellectual disabilities: a review. J Intellect
Disabil. 2007;11(1):105-118.
7. Rogers B, Stratton P, Victor J, et al. Chronic regurgitation
among persons with mental retardation: a need for combined medical
and interdisciplinary strategies.
Am J Ment Retard. 1992;
96(5):522-527.
[PubMed: 1562309]
8. Sallustro F, Atwell CW. Body rocking, head banging, and head
rolling in normal children. J Pediatr. 1978;93(4):704-707.
9. Foster LG. Nervous habits and stereotyped behaviors in preschool
children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(7):711-717.
10. Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Prevalence of tic disorders
and Tourette syndrome in a Swedish school population. Dev
Med Child Neurol. 2003;45(5):315-319.
11. Snider LA, Seligman LD, Ketchen BR, et al. Tics and problem
behaviors in schoolchildren: prevalence, characterization, and associations. Pediatr.
2002;110(2):331-336.
12. Lichter DG, Dmochowski J, Jackson LA, Trinidad KS. Influence
of family history on clinical expression of Tourette’s
syndrome. Neurology. 1999;52(2):308-316.
13. Cohrs S, Rasch T, Altmeyer S, et al. Decreased sleep quality
and increased sleep related movements in patients with Tourette’s
syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70(2):192-197.
14. Burd L, Freeman RD, Klug MG, Kerbeshian J. Tourette syndrome
and learning disabilities. BMC Pediatr. 2005;5:1-6.
15. Kwak C, Vuong KD, Jankovic J. Migraine headache in patients
with Tourette syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(11):1595-1598.
16. Baron-Cohen S, Scahill VL, Izaguirre J, et al. The prevalence
of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in children and adolescents with
autism: a large scale study. Psychol Med. 1999;29(5):1151-1159.
17. Spencer T, Biederman J, Harding M, et al. Disentangling
the overlap between Tourette’s disorder and ADHD. J
Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(7):1037-1044.
18. Budman CL, Bruun RD, Park KS, et al. Explosive outbursts
in children with Tourette’s disorder. J Am Acad
Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(10):1270-1276.
19. Stewart SE, Illman C, Geller DA, et al. A controlled family
study of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Tourette’s
disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(11):1354-1362.
20. Verkerk A, Cath DC, van der Linde HC, et al. Genetic and
clinical analysis of a large Dutch Gilles de la Tourette family. Mol
Psychiatry. 2006;11(10):954-964.
21. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O’Roak BJ, et al. Sequence
variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette’s syndrome. Science. 2005;310(5746):317-320.
22. Alexander GM, Peterson BS. Testing the prenatal hormone
hypothesis of tic-related disorders: gender identity and gender
role behavior. Dev Psychopathol. 2004;16(2):407-420.
23. Lin H, Katsovich L, Ghebremichael M, et al. Psychosocial
stress predicts future symptom severities in children and adolescents
with Tourette syndrome and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder. J
Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;48(2):157-166.
24. Kalanithi PS, Zheng W, DiFiglia M, et al. Altered parvalbumin-positive
neuron distribution in basal ganglia of individuals with Tourette
syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(37):13307-13312.
25. Peterson BS, Thomas P, Kane MJ, et al. Basal ganglia volumes
in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome.
Arch Gen
Psychiatry. 2003; 60(4):415-424.
[PubMed: 12695320]
26. Amat JA, Bronen RA, Saluja S, et al. Increased number of
subcortical hyperintensities on MRI in children and adolescents
with Tourette’s syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder,
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry.
2006;163(6):1106-1108.
27. O’Connor KP, Lavoie ME, Robert M, et al. Brain-behavior
relations during motor processing in chronic tic and habit disorder. Cogn Behav
Neurol. 2005;18(2):79-88.
28. Swerdlow NR, Braff DL, Geyer MA. Animal models of deficient
sensorimotor gating: what we know, what we think we know, and what
we hope to know soon. Behav Pharmacol. 2000;11(3-4):185-204.
29. Marsh R, Alexander GM, Packard MG, et al. Habit learning
in Tourette syndrome: a translational neuroscience approach to a
developmental psychopathology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(12):1259-1268.
30. Crawford S, Channon S, Robertson MM. Tourette’s
syndrome: performance on tests of inhibition, working memory and
gambling.J Child Psychol Psychiatry.
2005;46(12):1327-1336.
31. Mell LK, Davis RL, Owens D. Association between streptococcal
infection in obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette’s
syndrome and tic disorder.
Pediatrics. 2005;116:56-60.
[PubMed: 15995031]
32. Kurlan R, Johnson D, Kaplan EL, Tourette Syndrome Study
Group. Streptococcal infection and exacerbations of childhood tics
and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective blinded cohort
study.
Pediatrics. 2008;121:1188-1197.
[PubMed: 18519489]
33. Wendlandt JT, Grus FH, Hansen BH, Singer HS. Striatal antibodies
in children with Tourette’s syndrome: multivariate discriminant
analysis of IgG repertoires. J Neuroimmunol. 2001;119(1):106-113.
34. Singer HS, Gause C, Morris C, et al. Serial immune markers
do not correlate with clinical exacerbations in pediatric autoimmune
neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections.
Pediatrics. 2008;
121:1198-1205.
[PubMed: 18519490]
37. Yang ML, Fullwood E, Goldstein J, Mink JW. Masturbation
in infancy and early childhood presenting as a movement disorder:
12 cases and a review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2005;116(6):1427-1432.
38. Reese RM, Richman SM, Belmont JM, Morse P. Functional characteristics
of disruptive behavior in developmentally disabled children with
and without autism. J Autism Dev Disord. 2005;35(4):419-428.
39. Iwata BA. Functional Analysis Screening Tool (FAST). Florida
Center on Self-Injury. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida; 1995.
40. Kohen, DP. Hypnotherapeutic management of pediatric and
adolescent trichotillomania. J Dev Behav Pediatr.
1996;17(5):328-334.
41. McCracken JT, McGough J, Shah B, et al.
Risperidone in children
with autism and serious behavioral problems.
N Engl J Med.
2002;347 (23):314-321.
42. Pediatric OCD Treatment Study Team. Cognitive-behavior therapy,
sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive
disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study randomized controlled trial.
JAMA.
2004;292(16):1969-1976.
43. Scahill L, Chappell PB, Kim YS, et al. A placebo-controlled
study of
guanfacine in the treatment of children with tic disorders
and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Am J Psychiatry. 2001;
158(7):1067-1074.
[PubMed: 11431228]
44. Tourette Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children
with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2002;58(4):527-536.
45. Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Elia J, et al. Controlled stimulant
treatment of ADHD and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome: effects
of stimulant and dose. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry.
1997;36(5):589-596.
46. Sallee FR, Nesbitt L, Jackson C, et al. Relative efficacy
of haloperidol and pimozide in children and adolescents with Tourette’s
disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154(8):1057-1062.
47. Scahill L, Leckman JF, Schultz TR, et al. A placebo-controlled
trial of
risperidone in Tourette syndrome.
Neurology.
2003;60(7):1130-1135.