1. Dodge OG, Lunn HF. Buruli ulcer: a mycobacterial
skin ulcer in a Uganda child.
J Trop Med Hyg. 1962;65:139-142.
[PubMed: 13886855]
2. Wansbrough-Jones M, Phillips R. Buruli ulcer: emerging from
obscurity.
Lancet. 2006;367: 1849-1858.
[PubMed: 16753488]
3. Guerra H, Palomino JC, Falconi E, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
disease, Peru.
Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14: 373-377.
[PubMed: 18325248]
4. Pradinaud R, Basset A, Grosshans E. Vingt cas de mycobactérioses
cutanées en Guyane Française. Castellania. 1974;2:273-274.
5. Bär W, Rusch-Gerdes S, Richter E, et al. Mycobacterium
ulcerans infection in a child from Angola: diagnosis by direct detection
and culture.
Trop Med Int Hlth. 1998;3:189-196.
[PubMed: 21275053]
6. Connor DH, Meyers WM, Krieg RE. Infection by Mycobacterium
ulcerans. In: Connor DH, Binford
CH, eds. Pathology of Tropical and ExtraordinaryDiseases.
An Atlas. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; 1976:226-235;
vol. 1.
7. Evans MR, Mawdsley J, Bull R, et al. Buruli ulcer in a visitor
to London.
Br J Dermatol. 2003;149:907-909.
[PubMed: 14616401]
8. Semret M, Koromihis G, MacLean JD, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
infection (Buruli ulcer): first reported case in a traveler.
Am
J Trop Med Hyg. 1999;61:689-693.
[PubMed: 10586895]
9. World Health Organization: World Health Assembly, Seventh
Plenary Meeting (A57/VR/7), Geneva; 2004.
10. Aujoulat I, Johnson C, Zinsou C, Guédénon
A, Portaels F. Psychosocial aspects of health seeking behaviours
of patients with Buruli ulcer: results of a qualitative study among
130 adults and 30 children in southern Benin.
Trop Med Int Hlth.
2003;8:750-759.
[PubMed: 12869098]
11. Faber WR, Arias-Bouda LM, Zeegelaar JE, et al. First reported
case of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection in a patient from China.
Trans
R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:277-279.
[PubMed: 10974998]
12. Tsukamura, M., Kaneda, K., Imaeda, T., et al. [A
taxonomic study on a mycobacterium which caused a skin ulcer in
a Japanese girl and resembled Mycobacterium ulcerans.] In
Japanese.
Kekkaku. 1989;64:1-7.
[PubMed: 2709652]
13. Veitch MGK, Johnson PDR, Flood, PE, et al. A large localized
outbreak of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection on a temperate southern
Australian island.
Epidemiol Infect. 1997;119:313-318.
[PubMed: 9440434]
14. Portaels F, Chemlal K, Elsen P, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
in wild animals.
Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz. 2001;20:252-264.
[PubMed: 11288515]
15. van der Werf TS, Stienstra Y, Johnson RC, et al. Mycobacterium
ulcerans disease. Bull W H O. 2005;83:785-791.
16. Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
disease (Buruli ulcer) in rural hospital, southern Benin, 1997-2001.
Emerg
Infect Dis. 2004;10:1391-1398.
[PubMed: 15496239]
17. Horsburgh CR Jr, Meyers WM. Buruli ulcer. In: Horsburgh
CR Jr., Nelson AM, eds. Pathology of Emerging Infections.
Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1997:119-134.
18. Meyers WM. Mycobacterial infections of the skin. In: Doerr
W, Seifert G, eds. Tropical Pathology. 2nd ed.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1995:291-377; vol. 8.
19. Phanzu DM, Bafende EA, Dunda BK, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
disease (Buruli ulcer) in a rural hospital in Bas-Congo, Democratic Republic
of Congo, 2002-2004.
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75:311-314.
[PubMed: 16896139]
20. Meyers WM, Tignokpa N, Priuli GB, Portaels F. Mycobacterium
ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer): first reported patients from
Togo.
Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:1116-1121.
[PubMed: 8763437]
21. Coloma JN, Navarrete-Franco G, Iribe P, et al. Ulcerative
cutaneous mycobacteriosis due to Mycobacerium ulcerans: report of
two Mexican cases.
Int J Lepr Other Mycobacteriol Dis. 2005;73:5-12.
[PubMed: 15898843]
22. Marston BJ, Diallo MO, Horsburgh CR Jr, et al. Emergence
of Buruli ulcer disease in the Daloa region of Côte d’Ivoire.
Am
J Trop Med Hyg. 1995;52:219-224.
[PubMed: 7694962]
23. Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, et al. Mycobacterium ulcerans
disease: role of age and gender in incidence and morbidity.
Trop
Med Intl Hlth. 2004;9:1297-1304.
[PubMed: 15598261]
24. Stienstra Y, van der Werf TS, Oosterom E, et al. Susceptibility
to Buruli ulcer isassociated with the SLC11A1 (NRAMP1) D543N polymorphism.
Genes
Immun. 2006;7:185-189.
[PubMed: 16395392]
25. Hayman J. Clinical features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.
Australas
J Dermatol. 1985;26:67-73.
[PubMed: 4084161]
26. Revill WDL, Barker DJP. Seasonal distribution of mycobacterial
skin ulcers.
Br J Prev Soc Med. 1972;26:23-27.
[PubMed: 5016132]
27. Johnson RC, Sopoh GE, Boko M, et al. Distribution de l’infection à Mycobacterium
ulcerans (ulcère de Buruli) dans le commune de Lalo au Bénin.
Trop
Med Int Hlth. 2005;10:863-871.
[PubMed: 16135193]
28. Marsollier L, Brodin P, Jackson M, et al. Impact of Mycobacterium
ulcerans biofilm on transmissibility to ecological niches and Buruli
ulcer pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e62.
29. Marsollier L, Robert R, Aubry J, et al. Aquatic insects
as a vector for Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2002;68:4623-4628.
[PubMed: 12200321]
30. Portaels F, Elsen P, Guimaraes-Peres A, Fonteyne PA, Meyers
WM. Insects in the transmission of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. (Research
Letter.)
Lancet. 1999;353:986.
[PubMed: 10459918]
31. Marsollier L, Aubry J, Coutanceau E, et al. Colonization
of the salivary glands of Naucoris cimicoides by Mycobacterium ulcerans
requires host plasmatocytes and a macrolide toxin, mycolactone.
Cell
Microbiol. 2005;7:935-943.
[PubMed: 15953026]
32. Marsollier L, Aubry J, Saint-André JP, et al. Ecologie
et transmission de Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Pathol Biol.
(Paris) 2003;51:490-495.
[PubMed: 14568596]
33. Johnson PDR, Azoulas J, Lavender CJ, et al. Mycobacterium
ulcerans in mosquitoes captured during outbreak of Buruli ulcer,
Southeastern Australia.
Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13: 1653-1660.
[PubMed: 18217547]
34. Johnson RC, Nackers F, Glynn JR, et al. Association of HIV
infection and Mycobacterium ulcerans disease in Benin.
AIDS. 2008;22:901-903.
[PubMed: 18427211]
35. Nackers F, Johnson RC, Glynn J, Zinsou C, Tonglet R, Portaels
F. Environmental and health-related risk factors for Mycobacterium ulcerans
disease (Buruli ulcer) in Benin.
Am J Trop Med Hyg.
2007; 77:834-836.
[PubMed: 17984337]
36. Johnson RC, Ifebe D, Hans-Moevi A, et al. Disseminated Mycobacterium
ulcerans disease in an HIV-positive patient: a case study.
AIDS. 2002;16:1704-1705.
[PubMed: 12172103]
37. Toll A, Gallardo F, Ferran M, et al. Aggressive multifocal
Buruli ulcer with associated osteomyelitis in an HIV-positive patient.
Clin
Exp Dermatol. 2005;30:649-651.
[PubMed: 16197379]
38. MacCallum P, Tolhurst JC, Buckle G, et al. A new mycobacterial
infection in man.
J Pathol Bacteriol. 1948;60:93-122.
[PubMed: 18876541]
39. Meyers WM, Shelly WM, Connor DH. Heat treatment of Mycobacterium
ulcerans infections without surgical excision.
Am J Trop
Med Hyg. 1974;23:924-929.
[PubMed: 4451233]
40. Palomino JC, Obiang AM, Realini L, Meyers WM, Portaels F.
Effect of oxygen on Mycobacterium ulcerans growth in the BACTEC
system.
J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36:3420-3422.
[PubMed: 9774612]
41. Duker AA, Portaels F, Hale M. Pathways of Mycobacterium
ulcerans infection: a review.
Environ Int. 2006;32:567-573.
[PubMed: 16492390]
42. Portaels F. Contribution a l’étude des
mycobactéries de l’environnement au Bas-Zaire.
Ann
Soc Belge Med Trop. 1973;53:373-387.
[PubMed: 4578846]
43. Ross BC, Johnson PD, Oppedisano F, et al. Detection of Mycobacterium
ulcerans in environmental samples during an outbreak of ulcerative
disease.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 1997;63:4135-4138.
[PubMed: 9327583]
44. Ross BC, Marino L, Oppedisano F, et al. Development of a
PCR assay for rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.
J
Clin Microbiol. 1997;35:1696-1700.
[PubMed: 9196176]
45. Stinear T, Davies JK, Jenkin GA, et al. Identification of
Mycobacterium ulcerans
in the environment from
regions in Southeast Australia in which it is endemic with sequence
capture-PCR.
Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66:3206-3213.
[PubMed: 10919771]
46. Portaels F, Meyers WM, Ablordey A, et al. First cultivation
and characterization of Mycobacterium ulcerans from the environment. PLoS
NeglTrop Dis. 2008;2:e178.
47. Meyers WM, Shelly WM, Connor DH, Meyers EK. Human Mycobacterium
ulcerans infections developing at sites of trauma to skin.
Am J
Trop Med Hyg. 1974;23:919-923.
[PubMed: 4451232]
48. Debacker M, Zinsou C, Aguiar J, Meyers WM, Portaels F. Brief
report: first case of Mycobacterium ulcerans disease (Buruli ulcer)
following a human bite. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:e67-e68.
48a. Daniel AK, Lee RE, Portaels F, Small PLC. Analysis of Mycobacterium
species for the presence of a macrolide toxin, mycolactone. Infect
Immun. 2004;72:123-132.
48b. Pimsler M, Sponsler TA, Meyers WM. Immunosuppressive properties
of the soluble toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans. J Infect
Dis. 1988;157:577-580.
48c. Read JK, Heggie CM, Meyers WM, Connor DH. Cytotoxic activity
of Mycobacterium ulcerans. Infect Immun. 1974;9:1114-1122.
49. Pouillot R, Matias G, Mbondji Wondje C, et al. Risk factors
for Buruli ulcer disease in Cameroon. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 2007;1:e101.
50. George KM, Barker LP, Welty DM, et al. Partial purification
and characterization of biological effects of a lipid toxin produced
by Mycobacterium ulcerans.
Infect Immun. 1998;66:587-593.
[PubMed: 9453613]
51. George KM, Chatterjee D, Gunawardana G, et al. Mycolactone:
a polyketide toxin from Mycobacterium ulcerans required for virulence.
Science. 1999;283:854-857.
[PubMed: 9933171]
52. Adusumilli S, Mve-Obiang A, Sparer T, Meyers W, Hayman J,
Small P. Mycobacterium ulcerans toxic macrolide,
mycolactone, modulates the host immune response and cellular location
of M. ulcerans in vitro and in vivo.
Cell
Microbiol. 2005;7:1295-1304.
[PubMed: 16098217]
53. Coutanceau E, Marsollier L, Brosch R, et al. Modulation
of the host immune response by a transient intracellular stage of
Mycobacterium ulcerans: the contribution of endogenous mycolactone
toxin.
Cell Microbiol. 2005;7:1187-1196.
[PubMed: 16008585]
54. Ablordey A, Kotlowski R, Swings J, et al. PCR amplification
with primers base on IS
2404 and GC-rich repeated
sequence reveals polymorphism in Mycobacterium ulcerans.
J
Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:448-451.
[PubMed: 15635012]
55. Mve-Obiang A, Lee RE, Portaels F, Small PLC. Heterogeneity
of mycolactone toxins produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans: implications
on virulence.
Infect Immun. 2003;71:774-783.
[PubMed: 12540557]
56. Stinear TP, Hong H, Frigui W, et al. Common evolutionary
origin for the unstable virulence plasmid pMUM found in geographically diverse
strains of Mycobacterium ulcerans.
J Bacteriol.
2005;187:1668-1676.
[PubMed: 15716437]
57. Stragier P, Ablordey A, Bayonne LM, et al. Heterogeneity
among Mycobacterium ulcerans isolates from Africa.
Emerg
Infect Dis. 2006;12:844-847.
[PubMed: 16704851]
58. World Health Organization. In: Asiedu K, Scherpbier R, Raviglione
M, eds. Buruli Ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 2000. WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2000.1),
2000.
59. Guarner J, Bartlett J, Whitney EA, et al. Histopathologic
features of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.
Emerg Infect
Dis. 2003;9:651-656.
[PubMed: 12780997]
60. World Health Organization. In: Buntine J, Croft K, eds. The
Management ofMycobacterium ulcerans Disease (Buruli
Ulcer). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.3,
2000.
61. Pszolla N, Sarkar MR, Strecker W, et al. Buruli ulcer: a
systemic disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:e78-82.
62. World Health Organization. In: Portaels F, Johnson PDR,
Meyers WM, eds. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium ulcerans Disease
(Buruli Ulcer). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
(WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2001.4), 2001.
63. Eddyani M, Debacker M, Martin A, et al. Primary culture
of Mycobacterium ulcerans from human tissue specimens after storage
in a semi-solid transport medium.
J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46:69-72
[PubMed: 17989199]
64. Siegmund V, Adjei O, Racz P, et al. Dry-reagent-based PCR
as a novel tool for laboratory confirmation of clinically diagnosed Mycobacterium
ulcerans-associated disease in areas in the tropics where M. ulcerans is endemic.
J
Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:271-276.
[PubMed: 15634982]
65. World Health Organization. In: Provisional Guidance
on the Role of Specific Antibiotics in the Management of Mycobacterium
ulcerans Disease. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
(WHO/CDS/CPE/GBUI/2004), 2004.
66. World Health Organization. In: Lehman L, Simonet V, Saunderson
P, Agbenorku P, eds. Buruli Ulcer: Prevention of Disability
(POD). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. (WHO/CDS/NTD/GBUI/2006.12),
2006.
67. O’Brien DP, Hughes AJ, Cheng AC, et al. Outcomes
for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection with combined surgery and antibiotic
therapy: findings from a southeastern Australian case series.
Med
J Aust. 2007;186:58-61.
[PubMed: 17223763]
68. Uganda Buruli Group. Clinical features and treatment of
pre-ulcerative Buruli lesions (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection). Br
J Med. 1970;2:390-393.
69. Rondini S, Mensah-Quainoo E, Troll H, et al. Development
and application of real-time PCR assay for quantification of Mycobacterium ulcerans
DNA.
J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4231-4237.
[PubMed: 12958250]
70. Debacker M, Aguiar J, Steunou C, Zinsou C, Meyers WM, Portaels
F. Buruli ulcer recurrence, Benin.
Emerg Infect Dis.
2005;11:584-589.
[PubMed: 15829198]
71. Chauty A, Ardant MF, Adeye A, et al. Promising clinical
efficacy of the combination streptomycin-rifampin for the treatment
of Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans disease). Antimicrob
Agents Chemother. 2007;25: epub ahead of print.
72. Stienstra Y, Dijkstra PU, Van Wezel MJ, et al. Reliability
and validity of the Buruli ulcer functional limitation score questionnaire.
Am
J Trop Med Hyg. 2005;72:449-452.
[PubMed: 15827284]
73. Asiedu K, Etuaful S. Socioeconomic implications of Buruli
ulcer in Ghana: a three-year review. Am J Trop Med Hyg.
1998;51:1015-1022.
74. Aguiar J, Steunou C. Les ulcères de Buruli en zone
rurale au Bénin pris en charge de 635 cas. [Buruli
ulcers in rural areas of Benin: Management of 635 cases.]
Med
Trop. 1997;57:83-90.
[PubMed: 9289618]
75. Quek TYJ, Athan E, Henry MJ, et al. Risk factors for Mycobacterium
ulcerans infection, Southeastern Australia.
Emerg Infect
Dis. 2007;13:1661-1666.
[PubMed: 18217548]
76. Uganda Buruli Group.
BCG vaccination against Mycobacterium
ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer).
Lancet. 1969;1:111-115.
77. Portaels F, Aguiar J, Debacker M, et al.
BCG vaccination
as prophylaxis against Mycobacterium ulcerans osteomyelitis in Buruli
ulcer disease.
Infect Immun. 2004;72:62-65.
[PubMed: 14688081]
78. Karonga Prevention Trial Group. Randomised controlled trial
of single
BCG, repeated
BCG, or combined
BCG and killed Mycobacterium
leprae vaccine for prevention of leprosy and tuberculosis in Malawi.
Lancet. 1996;348:17-24.
79. Huygen K. Prospects for vaccine development against Buruli
disease.
Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003;2:561-569.
[PubMed: 14711340]