| Bloodborne flukes Schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mansoni | Sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South America (eg, Brazil), some Caribbean islands | Freshwater, penetration of skin by cercariae from infected snails | School-age children are usually at highest risk of infection Occupation (eg, fishermen) is a risk factor of infection | Acute form Fever, urticaria, angioedema, chills, myalgias, arthralgias, diarrhea, cough, abdominal pain, and headache Chronic form Intestinal, hepatosplenic, pulmonary, neurologic manifestations; severe malnutrition |
| | Schistosoma japonicum | China, Indonesia, the Philippines | | | Idem |
| | Schistosoma intercalatum | Parts of Central and West Africa | | | Idem |
| | Schistosoma mekongi | Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) | | | Idem |
| | Schistosoma haematobium | Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East, some islands in the Indian Ocean | | | Genitourinary form: Microscopic or frank hematuria, painful dysuria, hydronephrosis, bladder polyps and tumors; female and male external genital involvement |
| Foodborne flukes Lung flukes | Paragonimiasis Paragonimus westermani | Cameroon, China, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guatemala, India, Japan, Lao PDR | Freshwater crustaceans such as crabs or crayfish | School-age children and young adults | Cough, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, headache, anorexia, night sweats, weight loss Ectopic sites: skin, liver, kidney, peritoneum, epididymis, spinal cord, and brain |
| Foodborne flukes Liver flukes | Opisthorchis viverrini | Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand, Vietnam | Freshwater fish | Low prevalence in young children Highest prevalence and intensities observed in young adults and adults | Asymptomatic Acute form: Asthenia, nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, jaundice, hepatomegaly Chronic form: Cholelithiasis, cholangitis, and cholecystitis; liver abscesses and pancreatitis Malnutrition, anemia, developmental retardation Cholangiocarcinoma |
| | Opisthorchis felineus | Siberia, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Ukraine | Freshwater fish | | |
| | Clonorchis sinensis | China, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam | Freshwater fish | | |
| | Fasciola hepatica Fasciola gigantica | Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Egypt, Iran, Cuba, Portugal, France, Spain | Raw vegetables, especially watercress Raw liver of infected animals | | Acute form: Fever, anorexia, right upper quadrant pain, ascites, hepatomegaly, jaundice, urticarial rash, respiratory symptoms Chronic form: Biliary colic, intermittent jaundice, fatty food intolerance, cholangitis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, sclerosing cholangitis, biliary cirrhosis Pharyngeal form: edema, erythema, and suffocation |
| Foodborne flukes Intestinal flukes | Fasciolopsis buski | Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, ... |