TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Viral Respiratory Infections Including Influenza A1 - Miguel, Claudia P. Vicetti A1 - Mejias, Asuncion A2 - Kline, Mark W. PY - 2018 T2 - Rudolph's Pediatrics, 23e AB - Respiratory viral infections are a major cause of morbidity in children around the world. Healthy infants and preschool children experience between 6 and 10 respiratory illnesses per year, and school-age children and adolescents experience 3 to 5 illnesses annually. Respiratory viral infections are classified into (1) upper respiratory tract infections (URIs), also known as the common cold, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, and conjunctivitis; and (2) lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), namely croup, laryngitis, tracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. With molecular techniques becoming the new gold standard for the detection of respiratory viruses, important changes have occurred in our understanding of the role of these viruses in respiratory illnesses in children, particularly in LRTIs. Newly discovered viruses have been identified in the last decade (eg, human bocaviruses, human coronaviruses) that have been associated with respiratory illnesses. In addition, areas that require further research have been uncovered such as the causality between newly discovered viruses and clinical disease, the significance of viral co-detections, and the role of viral quantitation and its correlation with disease severity. Despite these changes, epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that the major associations established by traditional techniques (eg, viral culture, antigen detection, and serology) remain valid. Despite the major advances observed with the development of diagnostic tools, there has been a paucity of major changes in the availability of specific antivirals and vaccines, although many are currently under investigation with the potential to become available in the next few years. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182934674 ER -