TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Neural Tube Defects: Spina Bifida
A1  - Ostermaier, Kathryn K.
A1  - Whitehead, William E.
A2  - Kline, Mark W.
PY  - 2018
T2  - Rudolph's Pediatrics, 23e
AB  - Neural  tube  defects  are  the  most  common  congenital  defect  of  the  central  nervous  system.  The  term  spina  bifida  was  first  used  by  Nicholas  Tulpius  in  1652  and  described  failure  of  the  posterior  arch  of  the  vertebrae  to  close.  Prior  to  the  1940s,  the  vast  majority  of  newborns  with  open  neural  tube  defects  did  not  survive,  dying  from  infection,  hydrocephalus,  or  complications  of  surgery.  The  1940s  ushered  in  new  neurosurgical  techniques  to  repair  open  neural  tube  defects,  but  it  was  not  until  the  1950s  that  the  first  one-way  valve  cerebrospinal  fluid  (CSF)  shunts  were  introduced  to  manage  hydrocephalus.  Armed  with  an  effective  treatment  for  hydrocephalus,  this  resulted  in  earlier  surgical  repairs  of  open  lesions  and  lower  mortality.  Introduction  of  clean  intermittent  catheterization  in  the  1960s  allowed  infants  with  spina  bifida  to  survive  into  childhood,  and  today,  75%  of  all  aggressively  treated  individuals  with  open  neural  tube  defects  are  surviving  into  adulthood.  Long-term  prognosis  is  related  to  the  severity  of  the  Chiari  II  malformation,  the  presence  of  hydrocephalus,  and  the  level  of  the  defect,  with  higher  lesions  generally  having  worse  outcomes.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182922355
ER  -