TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Pneumothorax A1 - Gomella, Tricia Lacy A1 - Cunningham, M. Douglas A1 - Eyal, Fabien G. A1 - Tuttle, Deborah J. PY - 2013 T2 - Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs, 7e AB - An infant may have a pneumothorax (an abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space, between the visceral and parietal pleura). It can develop spontaneous or be secondary to trauma. A pneumothorax occurs more often in the neonatal period than any other time in life. Spontaneous pneumothoraxPrimary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP). Occurs when there is no obvious precipitating factor, no clear cause, it is idiopathic, without lung disease. Familial spontaneous pneumothorax is a rare cause in neonates.Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). Occurs from underlying lung disease (respiratory distress syndrome [RDS], meconium aspiration syndrome [MAS], and others).Traumatic pneumothoraxIatrogenic occurs from an accidental insult during a procedure such as central line placement or thoracentesis.Positive pressure ventilation (mechanical or noninvasive ventilation) can cause barotrauma.Chest trauma can occur when blunt or penetrating trauma occurs to the chest (rare in neonate).Tension pneumothorax. A life-threatening condition that occurs when air is trapped in the pleural cavity under positive pressure. Air goes into the pleural cavity during inspiration, but no air is allowed to escape during expiration. It acts as a 1-way valve. Because air is trapped, intrathoracic positive pressure rises, lung volume decreases, and pressure compresses the mediastinum and causes a shift, with increased pulmonary vascular resistance. This results in an increase in central venous pressure, decrease in venous return to the heart, and a decrease in cardiac output. This causes displacement of mediastinal structures and cardiopulmonary compromise.Persistent pneumothorax. A pneumothorax that persists >7 days in the absence of mechanical problems. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/28 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1107527947 ER -