TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Pulmonary Hemorrhage A1 - John, Elaine Barefield St. A1 - Carlo, Waldemar A. A2 - Stevenson, David K. A2 - Cohen, Ronald S. A2 - Sunshine, Philip PY - 2015 T2 - Neonatology: Clinical Practice and Procedures AB - Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is the appearance of bright red blood from the trachea in association with acute pulmonary compromise and radiographic changes. Prior to the advent of exogenous surfactant, PH was described as a disorder primarily in term infants, in addition to the occasional very ill preterm infant, with sepsis, asphyxia, hypothermia, Rh disease, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), heart failure, or coagulopathy. The incidence was estimated at 1.3/1000 births1 and 18/1000 in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.2 In recent decades, PH is more often a complication of extreme prematurity and is becoming more common as smaller, more immature infants are provided intensive care. PH is most often seen in extremely immature infants after surfactant administration,3,4 particularly when the ductus arteriosus is still patent.5, 6, and 7 The incidence of PH in VLBW infants in the immediate postsurfactant era was estimated between 3% (according to Braun et al2) and 5.7% (according to Tomaszewska et al3) and has progressively increased since 1998 (Figure 25-1).8 Although once viewed as almost uniformly fatal, the mortality now is closer to 50% in VLBW infants.3 PH accounted for 18% of all deaths in a large series of infants at 23 weeks’ gestation.9 SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/15 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1109793247 ER -