TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Infant of HIV-Positive Mother A1 - Shetty, Avinash K. A1 - Clouser, Fatima A1 - Maldonado, Yvonne A. A2 - Stevenson, David K. A2 - Cohen, Ronald S. A2 - Sunshine, Philip PY - 2015 T2 - Neonatology: Clinical Practice and Procedures AB - Perinatal transmission rates in the United States are at historic lows (<2%) because of the availability of effective interventions to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.1 However, transmission does occur in a small number of infants, primarily because of missed prevention opportunities.2, 3 The neonatologist plays a vital role in the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission in early identification of HIV-exposed newborns born to infected mothers who were not tested for HIV during pregnancy and in administering antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis to HIV-exposed infants as early as possible after birth.4,5 The primary care physician, in conjunction with a pediatric infectious disease specialist, must ensure appropriate follow-up to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of HIV infection in early infancy and provide ongoing counseling, support, and anticipatory guidance6 (Table 117-1). A comprehensive review of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of the HIV-exposed infant has been published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and other experts.4,5,7,8 This chapter discusses the clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and treatment of HIV-exposed infants, incorporating the recently updated Public Health Service guidelines with a focus on prevention of perinatal HIV transmission.5,6 SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/15 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1109799812 ER -