TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Overlap Connective Tissue Diseases, and Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
A1  - Hiraki, Linda Tayeko
A1  - Silverman, Earl Dean
A2  - Kline, Mark W.
Y1  - 2018
N1  - 
T2  - Rudolph's Pediatrics, 23e
AB  - Systemic  lupus  erythematosus  (SLE)  represents  the  prototype  of  autoimmune  disease,  with  the  presence  of  autoantibodies  as  its  hallmark.  The  incidence  of  SLE  diagnosed  in  patients  younger  than  age  16  is  approximately  0.25  to  11  new  cases  per  100,000  annually,  with  an  overall  prevalence  of  1.89  to  63.1  per  100,000  depending  on  ascertainment  and  ethnicity  of  the  population.  The  prevalence  and  incidence  rates  are  higher  in  the  12-  to  18-year  age  group.  Both  the  incidence  and  prevalence  rates  are  2.4  to  4.9  times  higher  in  African  Americans,  Native  Americans,  Asians,  Southeast  Asians,  and  Hispanics  compared  with  white  children.  The  female  predominance  (4–5:1)  in  pediatric  patients  is  lower  than  that  in  adults  (9:1),  although  some  but  not  all  studies  suggest  that  the  female-to-male  ratio  may  vary  in  different  ethnic  populations.  The  mean  age  at  diagnosis  is  approximately  12  to  13  years,  but  presentation  of  patients  as  young  as  age  5  years  is  routinely  reported,  and  the  age  of  onset  varies  by  ethnicity,  with  nonwhite  populations  tending  to  have  onset  of  disease  at  younger  ages.  Presentation  prior  to  age  3  to  5  years  is  frequently  associated  with  a  genetic  defect.  Despite  significant  improvements  in  the  outcome  of  childhood-onset  SLE  (cSLE),  mortality  rates  remain  substantial,  with  a  United  Kingdom  study  reporting  standardized  mortality  ratios  (compared  to  national  statistics  in  the  general  population)  as  high  as  18.3  for  all  cSLE  and  87  for  those  with  SLE  onset  at  <10  years  of  age  (however,  the  confidence  intervals  were  wide).  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/16
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182932412
ER  -