TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Gastrointestinal Bleeding from the Upper Tract A1 - Gomella, Tricia Lacy A1 - Eyal, Fabien G. A1 - Bany-Mohammed, Fayez Y1 - 2020 N1 - T2 - Gomella's Neonatology: Management, Procedures, On-Call Problems, Diseases, and Drugs, 8e AB - Vomiting of bright red blood or active bleeding from the nasogastric (NG) tube is seen in a newborn. Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is bleeding that occurs proximal to the ligament of Treitz (duodenojejunal flexure) which arises from the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum. It usually presents with hematemesis (vomiting of blood) most commonly bright red or less commonly the color of coffee grounds, or it can present with melena (black tarry stools). Rarely, a brisk upper GI (UGI) bleed has such a short intestinal transit time that it presents with hematochezia (fresh blood through the anus). Coffee ground emesis means the blood has been altered by gastric contents, which indicates slow bleeding from the esophagus and duodenum. Diagnosis is made most commonly by blood-stained aspirates in the NG or orogastric (OG) tube, by hematemesis, or by endoscopy (gastric mucosa shows bleeding). UGI bleeding is more common in sick newborns in the NICU, than in term neonates. The majority of UGI bleeds in neonates are benign, self-limiting, and require minimal workup and treatment, but some can be severe, especially those associated with other underlying conditions. SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/03/29 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1168356769 ER -