TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - The Global Burden of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections and Mucosal Immunology of the Lower Respiratory Tract in Children
A1  - Zar, Heather J.
A1  - Mizgerd, Joseph P.
A2  - Kline, Mark W.
PY  - 2018
T2  - Rudolph's Pediatrics, 23e
AB  - Lower  respiratory  tract  infection  (LRTI),  predominantly  pneumonia,  remains  a  major  cause  of  morbidity  and  mortality  in  children  globally  despite  a  substantial  decline  in  the  incidence  in  the  last  decade.  Advances  in  immunization,  improvements  in  socioeconomic  status,  and  effective  human  immunodeficiency  virus  (HIV)  preventative  and  treatment  strategies  have  been  effective  in  reducing  the  burden  of  childhood  LRTI  and  severe  disease.  However,  recent  estimates  are  that  globally  pneumonia  still  causes  approximately  15%  (or  just  under  1  million)  of  an  estimated  6.3  million  deaths  annually  in  children  younger  than  5  years  of  age.  Pneumonia  is  the  main  single  cause  of  death  in  children  outside  the  neonatal  period.  This  burden  is  disproportionately  high  in  Africa  and  Southeast  Asia,  where  almost  90%  of  all  global  childhood  deaths  occur.  Five  high-burden  countries,  either  in  Africa  (Nigeria  and  the  Democratic  Republic  of  Congo)  or  Southeast  Asia  (Pakistan,  India,  and  China),  account  for  more  than  50%  of  childhood  deaths  globally.  Respiratory  syncytial  virus  (RSV)  causes  a  high  incidence  of  LRTI  in  children,  approximately  34  million  LRTI  episodes  or  22%  of  all  LRTIs.  Of  these,  10%  of  episodes  result  in  severe  illness  and  hospitalization,  and  99%  of  deaths  occurr  in  low-  and  middle-income  countries  (LMICs).  This  proportion  can  be  expected  to  increase  as  immunization  against  bacterial  pathogens  is  strengthened  as  shown  by  recent  case-control  studies  in  children  well  vaccinated  with  13-valent  pneumococcal  conjugate  vaccine  (PCV13),  which  reported  RSV  to  be  a  predominant  pathogen  in  children  with  LRTI.  The  incidence  and  severity  of  pneumonia  are  highest  in  the  first  year  of  life,  especially  in  the  first  6  months.  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/24
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1182915156
ER  -