TY - CHAP M1 - Book, Section TI - Recurrent Pneumonia A1 - Koltsida, Georgia A1 - Panitch, Howard B. A2 - Shah, Samir S. A2 - Kemper, Alex R. A2 - Ratner, Adam J. PY - 2019 T2 - Pediatric Infectious Diseases: Essentials for Practice, 2e AB - A child presenting with recurrent respiratory infections or radiographic abnormalities poses a common diagnostic problem for general pediatricians and pulmonary specialists alike. Pneumonia can be described in both clinical and radiographic terms. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines pneumonia clinically as cough or dyspnea in association with labored breathing or tachypnea, and radiographically as an opacity occupying at least part of a single lobe and up to the entire lung.1,2 The incidence of pneumonia in developed countries is approximately 3–3.6 children per 100, whereas in developing countries, it can reach as high as 40 per 100 children.3 Recurrent pneumonia has been defined as two episodes in 1 year or three in a lifetime, with radiographic clearing between episodes.4 It should be differentiated from persistent pneumonia, which is defined as continuation of symptoms and radiologic changes for 6 weeks or more despite treatment.5 While the incidence of recurrent pneumonia among large populations of children is unknown, a retrospective cohort study of approximately 30,000 German children aged 5–7 years estimated the prevalence of recurrent pneumonia, defined as three or more episodes in a lifetime, to be 7.7%.6 SN - PB - McGraw-Hill Education CY - New York, NY Y2 - 2024/10/10 UR - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1157321876 ER -