TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Chapter 22. Acute Injuries of Elbow, Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
A1  - Cline, Steven
A2  - Patel, Dilip R.
A2  - Greydanus, Donald E.
A2  - Baker, Robert J.
PY  - 2009
T2  - Pediatric Practice: Sports Medicine
AB  - The  elbow  joint  (Figures  22-1,  22-2,  22-3,  22-4,  22-5,  and  22-6)  is  a  compound  synovial  joint  and  consists  of  the  radiohumeral  (radiocapetellar),  ulnohumeral  (trochlear),  and  proximal  radioulnar  articulations.  The  movements  of  elbow  flexion  and  extension  occur  at  the  ulnohumeral  joint  and  range  between  150  and  160  degrees,  with  between  0  and  10  degrees  of  hyperextension.  The  main  flexor  muscles  are  biceps  brachii  and  brachialis,  whereas  the  main  extensor  muscle  is  triceps.  The  movements  of  supination  and  pronation  occur  at  the  proximal  radioulnar  joint  and  the  radiohumeral  joint.  Biceps  brachii  muscle  and  supinator  muscles  are  the  primary  supinators,  whereas  the  pronator  teres  is  the  primary  pronator.  The  ulnar  or  medial  collateral  ligament  is  the  major  stabilizer  of  the  elbow  joint  during  the  throwing  motion.  The  timing  of  appearance  of  secondary  ossification  centers  around  the  elbow  is  listed  in  Table  22-1.  All  fuse  to  form  a  singe  epiphysis  between  14  and  17  years  of  age.  The  distal  humeral  physis  contributes  approximately  20%  to  final  length  of  humerus.  
SN  - 
PB  - The McGraw-Hill Companies
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/16
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=6978574
ER  -