TY  - CHAP
M1  - Book, Section
TI  - Pulmonary Hemorrhage
A1  - John, Elaine Barefield St.
A1  - Carlo, Waldemar A.
A2  - Stevenson, David K.
A2  - Cohen, Ronald S.
A2  - Sunshine, Philip
PY  - 2015
T2  - Neonatology: Clinical Practice and Procedures
AB  - Pulmonary  hemorrhage  (PH)  is  the  appearance  of  bright  red  blood  from  the  trachea  in  association  with  acute  pulmonary  compromise  and  radiographic  changes.  Prior  to  the  advent  of  exogenous  surfactant,  PH  was  described  as  a  disorder  primarily  in  term  infants,  in  addition  to  the  occasional  very  ill  preterm  infant,  with  sepsis,  asphyxia,  hypothermia,  Rh  disease,  intrauterine  growth  retardation  (IUGR),  heart  failure,  or  coagulopathy.  The  incidence  was  estimated  at  1.3/1000  births1  and  18/1000  in  very  low  birth  weight  (VLBW)  infants.2  In  recent  decades,  PH  is  more  often  a  complication  of  extreme  prematurity  and  is  becoming  more  common  as  smaller,  more  immature  infants  are  provided  intensive  care.  PH  is  most  often  seen  in  extremely  immature  infants  after  surfactant  administration,3,4  particularly  when  the  ductus  arteriosus  is  still  patent.5,  6,  and  7  The  incidence  of  PH  in  VLBW  infants  in  the  immediate  postsurfactant  era  was  estimated  between  3%  (according  to  Braun  et  al2)  and  5.7%  (according  to  Tomaszewska  et  al3)  and  has  progressively  increased  since  1998  (Figure  25-1).8  Although  once  viewed  as  almost  uniformly  fatal,  the  mortality  now  is  closer  to  50%  in  VLBW  infants.3  PH  accounted  for  18%  of  all  deaths  in  a  large  series  of  infants  at  23  weeks’  gestation.9  
SN  - 
PB  - McGraw-Hill Education
CY  - New York, NY
Y2  - 2024/04/19
UR  - accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1109793247
ER  -