RT Book, Section
A1 Krajden Haratz, Karina
A1 Pilu, Gianluigi
A1 Malinger, Gustavo
A2 Malinger, Gustavo
A2 Monteagudo, Ana
A2 Pilu, Gianluigi
A2 Paladini, Dario
A2 Timor-Tritsch, Ilan E.
SR Print(0)
ID 1194720126
T1 Anomalies of the Midbrain-Hindbrain
T2 Timor's Ultrasonography of the Prenatal Brain, 4e
YR 2023
FD 2023
PB McGraw Hill Education
PP New York, NY
SN 9781260136166
LK accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1194720126
RD 2024/04/24
AB KEY  POINTSThere  is  scarce  information  regarding  the  diagnostic  criteria  of  midbrain-hindbrain  anomalies  in  fetuses;  cerebellar  malformations  are  better  understood,  although  there  are  still  many  overlaps  between  entities,  and  the  rate  of  misdiagnosis  is  still  high.Brainstem  anomalies  comprise  a  heterogenous  group  of  malformations  and  degenerative  diseases  of  different  etiologies.  In  contrast  with  the  postnatal  period,  when  abnormalities  are  mostly  related  to  insults  and  vascular  anomalies,  during  the  prenatal  period  these  anomalies  are  usually  developmental  and  present  different  imaging  features  at  different  gestational  ages.The  2009  classification  of  midbrain-hindbrain  anomalies  assorts  brainstem  anomalies  to  four  main  groups  based  upon  genetic  and  embryologic  criteria  (Table  11–1).1Prenatal  diagnosis  is  of  utmost  importance  due  to  the  high  rate  of  neurodevelopmental  impairment  and  the  genetic  implications  of  these  entities.Dedicated  neurosonography  is  the  modality  of  choice  for  diagnosis  in  the  first  and  second  trimesters,  with  accurate  characterization  of  features  upon  utilization  of  correct  insonation  technique.  Fetal  MRI  is  an  important  complementary  tool  for  the  assessment  of  these  disorders,  contributing  significantly  when  ultrasound  has  poor  technical  quality,  expert  neurosonography  is  not  available,  or  during  the  third  trimester  of  pregnancy.