RT Book, Section A1 Shetty, Avinash K. A1 Clouser, Fatima A1 Maldonado, Yvonne A. A2 Stevenson, David K. A2 Cohen, Ronald S. A2 Sunshine, Philip SR Print(0) ID 1109799812 T1 Infant of HIV-Positive Mother T2 Neonatology: Clinical Practice and Procedures YR 2015 FD 2015 PB McGraw-Hill Education PP New York, NY SN 9780071763769 LK accesspediatrics.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?aid=1109799812 RD 2024/10/15 AB Perinatal transmission rates in the United States are at historic lows (<2%) because of the availability of effective interventions to prevent perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission.1 However, transmission does occur in a small number of infants, primarily because of missed prevention opportunities.2, 3 The neonatologist plays a vital role in the prevention of perinatal HIV transmission in early identification of HIV-exposed newborns born to infected mothers who were not tested for HIV during pregnancy and in administering antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis to HIV-exposed infants as early as possible after birth.4,5 The primary care physician, in conjunction with a pediatric infectious disease specialist, must ensure appropriate follow-up to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of HIV infection in early infancy and provide ongoing counseling, support, and anticipatory guidance6 (Table 117-1). A comprehensive review of recommendations for evaluation and treatment of the HIV-exposed infant has been published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and other experts.4,5,7,8 This chapter discusses the clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and treatment of HIV-exposed infants, incorporating the recently updated Public Health Service guidelines with a focus on prevention of perinatal HIV transmission.5,6