Originally published by 2 Minute Medicine^® (view original article). Reused on AccessMedicine with permission.

1. In patients that developed diabetes following total pancreatectomy, those using bihormonal artificial pancreas (BIHAP) were found to have significantly increased time in euglycemia when compared to patients using current diabetes care.

2. A majority of patients in the study wished to continue the BIHAP treatment if possible, on the condition that the number of alarms given by BIHAP and size of the device would be reduced.

Evidence Rating Level: 1 (Excellent)

Study Rundown:

Total pancreatectomy is the definitive treatment in certain patients including those with main duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm, pancreatic cancer, or therapy-refractory painful chronic pancreatitis. Consequently, due to loss of endogenous production of insulin and glucagon, all patients post-total pancreatectomy develop diabetes, and require lifelong intense insulin replacement with high risk of hypoglycemia. Adequate glycemic control in these patients is very challenging, and this brittle diabetes leads to increased mortality and morbidity in the long-term. In addition, patient quality-of-life is impaired because lifestyles become adapted to actively measuring and regulating one’s own glucose. The first bihormonal artificial pancreas (BIHAP) was assessed in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in the APPEL5 study; the device contains both insulin and glucagon and controls glucose reactively with a self-learning mechanism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of BIHAP following total pancreatectomy. This study was a randomized crossover trial that compared BIHAP to current diabetes care in outpatients with diabetes after total pancreatectomy. Patients were recruited between August and November 2020, referred by surgeons from hospitals participating in the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group. Participants were randomized 1:1 to start with 7-day treatment of current diabetes care, including insulin pens or pumps, or 7-day treatment of BIHAP, and then crossing over to the other treatment afterwards. The main outcome was median percentage of time spent in euglycemia during treatment. 10 patients were included in the analysis in total, with 5 (50%) starting with current diabetes care, and 5 (50%) starting with BIHAP. Overall, the percentage of time spent in euglycemia was significantly higher with patients using BIHAP when compared to current diabetes care (78.30% vs 57.38%, P=.004). With respect to secondary outcomes, patients spent less time in level 1 and 2 hypoglycemia in the BIHAP group versus the current diabetes care group. Patients also spent less time in level 2 hyperglycemia in the BIHAP group, but there was no significant difference between the groups for time spent in level 1 hyperglycemia. There were no severe adverse events detected during the main study phases, but mild symptoms including nausea, headache, and skin irritation were reported in the BIHAP group. In terms of safety, 4 additional home visits were required for the BIHAP group to address wi-fi and sensor connection issues but did not lead to relevant risk to patients. In summary, patients using BIHAP were found to spend more time in euglycemia during the 7-day treatment period without serious adverse effects. Given the increased morbidity and mortality due to the development of diabetes after total pancreatectomy, the self-adjusting BIHAP is an important advancement towards improving outcomes for this patient population. Limitations of this study include small sample size as well as short period of treatment, increasing risk of type I error.

Click to read the study in JAMA Surgery

Relevant Reading: Fully Closed Loop Glucose Control With a Bihormonal Artificial Pancreas in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: An Outpatient, Randomized, Crossover Trial

In-Depth [randomized controlled trial]:

This study analyzed patients post total pancreatectomy in hospitals participating in the Dutch Pancreatic Cancer Group between August 21 and November 16, 2020. Patients aged 18 and over receiving treatment for diabetes after undergoing a total pancreatectomy were included in the study. Exclusion criteria included recent total pancreatectomy, within 3 months, and impaired patient awareness of hypoglycemia, according to the Gold or Clarke questionnaire. A total of 10 patients were analyzed, with 5 (50%) randomized to receive current diabetes care first, and 5 (50%) randomized to receive BIHAP treatment first. The percentage of time spent in euglycemia was significantly higher with patients using BIHAP versus current diabetes care (median, 78.30% [IQR, 71.05%-82.61%] vs 57.38% [IQR, 52.38%-81.35%]; P=0.03). In addition, time spent in level 1 hypoglycemia was significantly lower in patients receiving BIHAP versus current diabetes care (median, 0.00% vs 1.61%; P=.004), and time spent in level 2 hypoglycemia was significantly lower in patients receiving BIHAP versus current diabetes care (median, 0.00% vs 0.62%; P=.02). With respect to hyperglycemia, time in level 1 hyperglycemia was not significantly different between the groups (P=.19), while patients spent less time in level 2 hyperglycemia during the BIHAP versus current diabetes care (median, 1.17% vs 8.41%; P=.049). With respect to adverse effects, there were no cases of severe hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis, or other serious events during the main study phase. Adverse events reported during the BIHAP treatment included nausea (10%), headache (20%), and skin irritation (40%). Furthermore, 4 additional home visits were required for the BIHAP treatment for technical issues. When asked whether they would recommend or continue the BIHAP treatment, 7 (70%) of participants wished to continue BIHAP, and subjectively noted an increase in quality of life when compared to current diabetes care. Overall, this randomized controlled crossover trial suggests that patients who underwent a total pancreatectomy and developed diabetes as a result spent more time in euglycemia and less time in hypo- and hyperglycemia during 7-day courses of BIHAP treatment versus current diabetes care.

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